Network Utility Maximization (NUM) is a well accepted theoretical framework that describes how congestion controls cooperate to achieve an ideal sending rate allocation, for given utility functions of senders and constraints of the network. These network constraints are expressed as a "cost'' in the framework. In practice, most congestion control mechanisms obtain feedback that is different from the framework's "cost''. This paper focuses on Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), which has been shown to be advantageous when it is available, e.g. with the popular Datacenter TCP (DCTCP) mechanism. However, different from the framework's cost, ECN marks are not additive. We present a practical solution to this problem. Our solution changes how end hosts interpret the ECN signal, while for the router side, a special configuration of RED is used.

Optical fibres are the backbone of modern Information Technology infrastructure connecting billions of users through high-speed networks. With a drastic increase in the number of internet users, vulnerability and security issues in the optical fibre network become increasingly important. In this paper, we propose a detection method for early warning of anomalies in optical networks. The method is based on monitoring and analyzing changes in the state of polarization of the optical signal targeting differentiating between different physical impacts and movements of the fibre caused by e.g. eavesdropping, cut by digging and thunderstorms.